参与国际招标投标，标书文件的撰写是重点，在编纂招投标书的时候，要注意这些细节：

第一部分：在动笔之前

1.Ask your client to list thedeal points. This can be in the form of a list, outline or narration. Doingthis will help the client focus on the terms of the agreement.
1.要求你的客户列出合同交易的要点，也可以说是合同的清单、目录或概述。这一招首先帮助你的客户弄清合同的重点所在。

2.Engage your client in"what if" scenarios. A good contract will anticipate many possiblefactual situations and express the parties' understanding in case those factsarise. Talking to your client about this will generate many issues you may nototherwise consider.

2.让你的客户提供一些假设可能发生的情况。好的合同不仅能够预见到许多可能发生的情况，而且还能清楚地描述出发生这些情况后合同双方的立场。和客户聊这些情况将有助于你发现一些你可能没有考虑到的问题。

3.Ask your client for asimilar contract. Frequently, clients have had similar transactions in the pastor they have access to contracts for similar transactions.
3.请求你的客户提供类似的合同。通常情况下，客户都保留着过去的交易记录或者是类似合同。

4.Search your office computeror the Internet for a similar form. Many times you can find a similar form onyour computer. It may be one you prepared for another client or one younegotiated with another lawyer. Just remember to find and replace the oldclient's name. Starting with an existing form saves time and avoids the errorsof typing.
4.在办公室的电脑中或是在因特网上搜索类似的合同范本。通常你会在你的电脑上找到你想要的东西，这些类似的合同范本要么是你给其他客户准备的，要么是你和其他的律师共同协商起草的。使用这些旧合同可以为你节省时间和避免打印错误，不过，用这些合同范本时别忘了替换掉老客户的名字。

5.Obtain forms in books orCD-ROM. Typical forms of contracts can be found in form books, such as West'sLegal Forms (a nationwide set) and Florida Jur Forms, as well as in treatisesand Florida Bar CLE publications. These can be used as the starting point fordrafting the contract or as checklists of typical provisions and wording toinclude in the contract. Many treatises and form books now come with forms ondisk or CD-ROM.
5.从书中或者是光盘上获取合同范本。典型的合同范本在一些范例书中都可能找到：比如,西方法律文书（全国版）佛罗里达州文书期刊，另外，在有些论文和佛罗里达州律师协会的法律继续教育出版物中也可以找到一些。起草合同时，你可以把这些范本当做原始资料，利用其中某些典型的条款和措词。更为方便的是，许多论文和书中的合同范本都有电子文本储存在磁盘或光盘中。

6.Don't let your client signa letter of intent without this wording. Sometimes clients are anxious to signsomething to show good faith before the contract is prepared. A properly wordedletter of intent is useful at such times. Just be sure that the letter ofintent clearly states that it is not a contract, but that it is merely anoutline of possible terms for discussion purposes. See Appendix C.
6.如果没有特别申明，不要让你的客户在意向书上签字。有时候，在合同未准备好之前，客户为了表示诚意，往往急于签署某些东西，当然，在这种情况下，如果客户急于签署的是有特别申明的意向书，这也是可以的，但一定要注明：本意向书并非合同，只是双方为了更好地沟通协商，而拟定的对未来条款的概述。类似意向书的范例见附录C。

Writing that First Word

第二部分：开始起草合同

7.Start with a simple, genericcontract form. The form in Appendix A is such a form. It provides a solidstarting point for the structure of the contract. Like a house, a contract musthave a good, solid foundation.
7.从简单、典型的合同入手。附录A就是一个简单、典型的合同，它提供了一个合同的基本支架。像房子一样，一个合同必须有一个牢固的根基。

8.State the correct legalnames of the parties in the first paragraph. As obvious as this is, it is oneof the most common problems in contracts. For individuals, include full firstand last name, and middle initials if available

and other identifyinginformation, if appropriate, such as Jr., M.D., etc. For corporations,checkwith the Secretary of State where incorporated.

8.在合同的第一段要写清楚双方的名称。这是个简单而又不得不引起重视的问题。如果是个人，要写清姓和名,中间有大写字母和其他身份信息的，也要注明，例如：jr.,M.D,等等；如果是公司，为避免弄错，写名称时可以到公司注册地的相应机构去核对一下。

9.Identify the parties bynicknames. Giving each party a nickname in the first paragraph will make thecontract easier to read. For example, James W. Martin would be nicknamed"Martin."
9.确定合同双方的别称（简称）。为便于阅读，一般要在合同的第一段为双方弄一个别称，如：将詹姆士.马丁简写为"马丁"。

10.Be careful when usinglegal terms for nicknames. Do not use "Contractor" as a nicknameunless that party is legally a contractor. Do not use "Agent" unlessyou intend for that party to be an agent, and if you do, then you better specifythe scope of authority and other agency issues to avoid future disagreements.
10.使用法定术语作为双方当事人的别称时，要小心。除非一方当事人在法定上就是承包人，否则不要将"承包人"作为其别称。同样，除非你想让一方当事人成为法定上的代理人，否则不要称其为"代理人"，如果坚持要用，最好明确一下代理范围并找到其他可以避免将来争执的方案。

11.Include a blank for thedate in the first paragraph. Putting the date in the first paragraph makes iteasy to find after the contract is signed. It also makes it easy to describethe contract in other documents in a precise way, such as the "December20, 2000, Contract for Sale of Real Estate."

11.在合同的第一段要为书写签约时间留下空格。把签约时间放在第一段，当合同签署后，你就能够很容易地找到它，而且，这样做还可以给你在其他相关文件中准确地描述这个合同提供帮助，范例如：不动产买卖合同，订立于2000年12月20日

12.Include to providebackground. Recitals are the "whereas" clauses that precede the bodyof a contract. They provide a simple way to bring the contract's reader (party,judge or jury) up to speed on what the contract is about, who the parties are,why they are signing a contract, etc. The first paragraph in the body of thecontract can incorporate the recitals by reference and state that they are trueand correct. This will avoid a later argument as to whether or not the recitalsare a legally binding part of the contract.
12.书写引述语。引述语是指那些放在合同主体前面的"鉴于"条款。书写此类条款的目的是为了让读者（通常指合同双方，法官，陪审团）很快地了解到合同的主要内容是什么，合同双方是谁，以及他们为什么签订合同，等等。当然，合同主体的第一段也可以加上引述语并陈述其是真实准确的，如果这样做了，合同双方将来就不会争执：引述语作为合同的一部分是否具有法律效力？

13.Outline the contract bywriting out and underlining paragraph headings in their logical order. Theparagraphs should flow in logical, organized fashion. It is not necessary towrite them all at once; you can write them as you think of them. Try to grouprelated concepts in the same paragraphs or in adjacent paragraphs. For example,write an employment contract's initial paragraph headings like this:
Recitals.
Employment. Duties. Term. Compensation.
13.按逻辑顺序列出合同段落的标题词.合同的段落是按一定的逻辑顺序组织起来的，当然，你并不需要一下子列出所有段落的标题词，想到多少就写多少，不过，这些标题词要力求总结出每个段落或相关段落的内容。比如：撰写劳动合同时列出的标题词就像下面这些：引述语 聘用 职责 　期限　赔偿

14.Complete each paragraph bywriting the contract terms that apply to that paragraph. This is simple. Youlearned this in elementary school. Just explain in words what the parties agreeto do or not do paragraph by paragraph.
14.在撰写每一段时要注意内容集中，不要东拉西扯，是的，这很简单，你可能上小学时就学过，但我还是要提醒你，要集中火力，一段一段地分别说明合同双方同意做什么，不同意做什么。

15.Keep a pad at hand toremember clauses to add. It is normal to think of additional clauses, wordingand issues while writing a contract. Jot these down on a pad as you write; theyare easily forgotten. Also keep your client's outline and other forms in frontof you as you write, and check off items as you write them.
15.放一个便笺簿在手边，以便记下需要添加的条款。在书写合同的同时，你可能随时会想到一些需要添加条款、措词和问题，要尽快记在便笺簿上，因为他们太容易忘了。另外，你最好将客户列出的要点和一些类似的合同范本也放在眼前，以便在书写过程中随时查对。

16.Repeat yourself only whenrepetition is necessary to improve clarity. Ambiguity is created by saying thesame thing more than once; it is almost impossible to say it twice withoutcreating ambiguity. Only if the concept is a difficult one should you write itin more than one way. In addition, if you use an example to clarify a difficultconcept or formula, be sure that all possible meanings are considered and thatthe example is accurate and consistent with the concept as worded.
16.除非是为了更清晰地说明问题，否则不要在合同中重复陈述某个内容。将一个事实来回地说很容易让人模棱两可。如果你将一个概念重复地解释，那理解起来就更有困难。另外，如果你想通过一个例子来阐明一个难以理解的概念或规则时，一定要考虑到其所有的含义、这个例子的准确性以及它和概念的相符性。

第三部分：撰写时的注意事项

17.Title it"Contract." Do not leave this one to chance. If your client wants acontract, call it a contract. A judge now sitting on the federal bench onceruled that a document entitled "Proposal" was not a contract eventhough signed by both parties. The lesson learned is, "Say what youmean." If you intend the document to be a legally binding contract, usethe word "Contract" in the title.

17.标题上注明"合同"两字。不要为碰运气而忽略这个。如果你的客户需要合同，就要注明是合同。一个仍在联邦法院里任职的法官就曾经裁定：有双方签字，但标有"建议书"的文件并非合同。这给我们的教训就是，你怎么想，就应该怎么说。如果你想让你的文件成为具有法律效力的合同，就要在标题中注明"合同"字样。

18. Write in shortsentences. Short sentences are easier to understand than long ones.

18.写短句子，因为短句子比长句子让人更容易理解。

19.Write in active tense,rather than passive. Active tense sentences are shorter and use words moreefficiently, and their meaning is more apparent. Example of active:"Sellers shall sell the Property to Buyer." Example of passive:"The Property shall be sold to Buyer by Seller."

19.用主动语态而不用被动语态。相对而言，主动语态的句子更简短，措词更精练，表达更明白。还是让我们来来看一个例子吧，主动语态的句子：卖方将把此物卖给买方;被动语态的句子：此物将被卖方卖给买方。

20.Don't use the word"biweekly." It has two meanings: twice a week and every other week.The same applies to "bimonthly." Instead, write "every otherweek" or "twice a week."

20.不要用“双周”之类的词，因为这有可能产生歧义----是两周还是每隔一周？类似的词还有"双月",所以最好这样写:"两周"或"每隔一周"。

21.Don't say things like"active termites and organisms". Avoid ambiguity by writing either"active termites and active organisms" or "organisms and activetermites." When adding a modifier like "active" before acompound of nouns like "termites and organisms", be sure to clarifywhether you intend the modifier to apply to both nouns or just the first one.If you intend it to apply to both, use parallel construction and write themodifier in front of each noun. If you intend it to apply to just one noun,place that one noun at the end of the list and the modifier directly in frontof it.

21.不要说"活动着的白蚁和有机体"之类的话，为了避免模棱两可，最好这样写：“活动着的白蚁和活动着的有机体”或是“白蚁和活动着的有机体”。当一组名词（如"白蚁和有机体"）前有一个修饰语（如"活动着的"）时，你一定要弄清楚这个修饰语是修饰两个名词还是仅仅修饰第一个名词。如果是修饰两个词，可以用排比的手法分别在这两个词之前加上修饰语，如果你只想修饰一个名词，那么你就应该把这个词放在这组词的最后，然后在它的前面加上修饰语。

22. Don't say"Lessor" and "Lessee." These are bad nicknames for a leasebecause they are easily reversed or mistyped. Use "Landlord" and"Tenant" instead. The same applies to lienor and lienee, mortgagorand mortgagee, grantor and grantee, licensor and licensee, party A and party B.This is where you can use your creativity to come up with a different nicknamefor a party, as long as you use it consistently throughout the contract.

22.不要说“出租人”和“承租人”。这对一个租赁合同来说是些不好的别称，因为他们容易被颠倒或者出现打印错误。可以用“房东”和“房客”来代替他们。同样，在合同中也不要说留置权人和留置人，抵押权人和抵押人，保证人和被保证人，许可人和被许可人，当事人A和当事人B......到底怎么说，这就要看你驾驭语言的能力了，不过，要把握的一条原则，即在整个合同中，对合同一方只能用一个别称。

23. Watch out when using"herein." Does "wherever used herein" mean anywhere in thecontract or anywhere in the paragraph? Clarify this ambiguity if it matters.

23.使用术语“本文（herein，也可译为”“在这里”）时要当心。为了避免含糊不清，使用“本文”时最好特别申明一下“本文”是指整个合同，还是指其所在的某一段落。

24. Write numbers as bothwords and numerals: ten (10). This will reduce the chance for errors.

24.写数目时要文字和阿拉伯数字并用，如：拾（10）。这将减少一些不经意的错误。

25. When you write"including" consider adding "but not limited to." Unlessyou intend the list to be all-inclusive, you had better clarify your intentthat it is merely an example.

25.如果你想用"包括"这个词，就要考虑在其后加上"但不限于....."的分句。除非你能够列出所有被包括的项，否则最好用"但不限于...."的分句，来说明你只是想举个例子。